In 1780-1781, a smallpox epidemic reduced the Indian population, including the Comanche. In 1822 the Mexicans made a grand effort to reduce the Comanche threat by inviting a delegation of Comanche leaders to Mexico City and signing a treaty "between the Mexican Empire and the Comanche Nation" that granted many trading privileges to the Comanche. Comanche history for the eighteenth century falls into three broad and distinct categories: (1) the Comanche and their relationship with the Spanish, Puebloans, Ute, and Apache peoples of New Mexico; (2) The Comanche and their relationship with the Spanish, Apache, Wichita, and other peoples of Texas; and, (3) The Comanche and their relationship with the French and the Indian tribes of Oklahoma and Kansas. The Spanish were few in numbers; the Americans were numerous. animistic There were no priests and few group ceremonies. The peace faction of the Comanche assassinated him and the Kotsoteka, Jupe, and Yamparika sub-tribes gave the power to make peace to a leader named Ecueracapa. For centuries they were fierce warriors, adept in wilderness survival, who carried out raids on those who encroached on their territory. Thanks to his sheer skill and bravery displayed in battle, Sitting Bull became one of the most famous Native American leaders of his time. After Texas Indian agents had taken over administration of the Wichita Agency in Oklahoma, Comanches participated in an attack on the agency (October, 1862) by pro-Union Delaware and Shawnee from Kansas. The Comanche tribe currently has approximately 17,000 enrolled tribal members with around 7,000 residing in the tribal jurisdictional area around the Lawton, Ft Sill, and surrounding counties. [19], In Texas in the 1750s, the Comanche allied themselves with the group of tribes the Spanish called Norteos or northerners as they resided north of the Spanish settlements. What do the C cells of the thyroid secrete? Horse raids increased in Texas, but the major target was northern Mexico. In June the last 400 Kwahada, including Isatai'i and Quanah Parker, surrendered. [42] With the help of Tonkawa scouts, Texas militia ambushed the retreating (and careless) Comanche in the Battle of Plum Creek near Lockhart, Texas, recovering some of the goods and killing several Comanche. Carbon dating of skulls show evidence of scalping as early as 600 AD; some skulls show evidence of healing from scalping injuries, suggesting at least some victims occasionally survived at least several months. In return for safe passage and a promise to stop raiding in Mexico, the United States agreed to pay those tribes $18,000 per year for ten years. [6], In the early 18th century the Ute and Comanche (who were probably the junior partners of the alliance at this time) established their primacy on the northern frontier of Spanish New Mexico, although their depredations consisted mostly of stealing livestock. In 1848, traveler Josiah Gregg said that "the whole country from New Mexico to the borders of Durango is almost entirely depopulated. Report on the Council House Fight, March 20, 1840, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comanche_history&oldid=1145909112, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Articles lacking in-text citations from December 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 March 2023, at 17:34. WebWhat is the difference between Comanche and Apache? In 1840, however, the Comanche gained important allies. Apache and Comanche. After leaving his charges at the new Wichita agency at Anadarko, Neighbors started back to his home in Texas but never made it, near Belknap, he was ambushed and shot in the back. Newest Trends About Gamers: Is Roblox on Playstation in 2023? To the right is a dress worn by a woman in the Comanche tribe. That same month the army began to move. Prior to European settlement of the Americas, Cherokees were the largest Native American tribe in North America. During the spring of 1859, a mob of 250 settlers attacked the reservation, but were repulsed. An ally of the dreaded Comanche, the Kiowa were usually at war with anyone the Comanche went to war with, including the US Army. * and Apache 2.2. The war was over. When Sherman learned of his narrow escape, he was furious and proceeded directly to Fort Sill. The hostility of the Osage forced the Wichita, trading partners and allies of the Comanche, to move southward to the Red River Valley of Oklahoma and Texas from northern Oklahoma and southern Kansas about 1750. tekwap? What Are Some Weird Laws In North Dakota? Remarkably, Robertson reported that hair would even grow back, although not as thickly, on the new scalp. John Glanton, an outlaw who made a fortune scalping Indians in Mexico, was caught turning in scalps and ran back to the U.S. before he was caught. The movement onto the Great Plains may have been stimulated by wetter climatic conditions which permitted an increase in the bison population on the Great Plains. 1915 - 1925) Negative Number: 021559, courtesy Palace of the Governors Photo Archives. the Shakopee MdewakantonToday, the Shakopee Mdewakanton are believed to be the richest tribe in American history as measured by individual personal wealth: Each adult, according to court records and confirmed by one tribal member, receives a monthly payment of around $84,000, or $1.08 million a year. Several of the Apache bands would shortly seek safety nearer to the Spanish settlements in New Mexico; other bands would remain hostile to both the Spanish and the Comanche. History and Etymology for Comanche American Spanish, from Southern Paiute kmmanci Shoshones, strangers. Captives taken by the Comanche at a young age however were usually assimilated into Comanche society as members of the tribe. Yah-ta-hey (Navajo: T Bchdii) is a census-designated place (CDP) located in McKinley County, New Mexico. The Apache were also polite and sympathetic toward their own people; The Kiowa and other Comanches were on the reservation, but by the fall of 1869 small war parties were occasionally leaving to raid in Texas. During WWII, many Comanche people fled their native tribe territories in Oklahoma in search of better employment and prospects in California and the Southwest. A third challenge to the Comanche were the French and their Indian allies on the eastern border of the Great Plains. The Spanish showered the Comanche with gifts and removed trade restrictions on guns and ammunition. While Comanches displaced Apaches and other tribes when they moved into the region, they soon found themselves threatened with the . The Comanche (/kuh*man*chee/) were the only Native Americans more powerful than the Apache. Three converging columns moved into the heart of the Staked Plains. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Description of The Council House Fight, 1896. ps. [7], In the 1720s, the Comanche completed the conquest of the Arkansas River valley of Colorado, and in the 1730s they became the first fully-mounted, bison-hunting nomads of the Great Plainsthe first American Indians to make the cultural shift to an equestrian economy. Reoccurrences of smallpox and other European diseases would continue to cause a decline in their numbers, but they still numbered about 20,000 as their population was bolstered by captives adopted into the tribe. To halt this, soldiers began to disarm the Comanches and Kiowa who had remained on the agencies. Even more aggravating from the Comanches' point of view were posts like Fort Stockton at Comanche Springs, which were intended to block the "Great Comanche War Trail" leading to northern Mexico. Comanche is a Southern Plains Uto-Aztecan language spoken mostly in Texas and Oklahoma. That year, the Kiowa-Comanche and Wichita agencies were merged into a single agency. Who Won The North Dakota Football Game Today? As Neighbors was hated by local Texans, rather than continue to fight them, he arranged to close the reservations and move the residents to Indian Territory. After all tribes were ordered to report to Fort Cobb or be considered hostile, General Philip Sheridan set plans in motion for the winter campaign of 186869 against the hostiles in western Oklahoma and the Staked Plains. Additional money was appropriated for more gifts, but once again, a boundary line was never established. which meant friend. The Comancheros are distinguishable from the Ciboleros, the The Comanche were one of the few tribes of the Great Plains that did not practice the Sun Dance. However, if you install httpd and its dependencies on Ubuntu, it works as well. What is the distinction between the Navajo and Apache peoples? As thousands of gold-seekers raced west, they needed horses, and the Comanches moved to meet this new demand. She has received numerous awards and accolades for her work, including being named one of the "Top 10 Educators to Watch" by Education Week magazine. These defeats caused the Comanche to sue for peace. Sequoyah (17671843), leader and inventor of the Cherokee writing system that took the tribe from an illiterate group to one of the best educated peoples in the country during the early-to-mid 1800s. From fall to early spring, the Comanche separated into small groups and were hunter-gatherers in western Colorado, especially the San Luis Valley. Being taken prisoner by the Spanish usually meant transport to the mines of Mexico or the sugar plantations of the Caribbean for men and slavery in Spanish households for women and children. However, in 1778 the massacre of a Comanche peace delegation in eastern Texas ignited the most serious Comanche attacks on Spanish settlements and other Indian tribes yet seen in Texas. One bounty hunter in 1847 claimed 487 Apache scalps, according to Madleys article. This was done in May 1846 on the upper Brazos River (Butler-Lewis Treaty). Once again raids were made into Texas and Kansas, and the new reservation was used as a sanctuary to prevent pursuit by the army. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Twice a year, during planting and again during harvesting, the Apaches were tied to their fields. [4] The French, encountering the Comanche before 1740 called the Comanche Padouca, a name they also gave to the Apache, thus causing confusion in the early history of French contact with the two peoples.[5]. In May 1847, Texas allowed the German settlers near Fredericksburg and New Braunfels to make their own treaty with the Texas Comanches. WebTomcat is pure Java, with its own web server implementation (Coyote). "[31] The Comanche controlled 200,000sqmi (520,000km2) of the Great Plains, possessed a marketable commodity with their large herds of horses, and relied on the seemingly inexhaustible herds of bison for subsistence. Mackenzie captured 130 women and children and held them hostage at Fort Concho. It's advised to install apache2 on Debian-based distros ( Ubuntu) and httpd on RedHat-based distros ( RedHat, CentOS, Fedora ). The Second Battle of Adobe Walls marked the beginning of the Buffalo War (or Red River War) (187475), the last great Indian war on the southern plains. The Kiowa were grateful, but an occasional war party still slipped off the reservation, crossed the Red River, and headed south into Texas. The commanding officer, Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie, did not take this lightly. The first part of 1848 was relatively calm, and during that year, Texas Comanches even provided guides for the survey of the route of the new Butterfield (California) trail across southern Texas to El Paso and California. "Great Warrior" Sherman was conducting an inspection tour of western posts, when a Kiowa war party noticed his lone ambulance and small escort. Geronimo. Although their extensive area of suzerainty has been called an empire, the Comanche were never united under a single government or leader, but rather consisted of several bands with a common language but which operated independently of each other. The French interest was economic as opposed to the Spanish interests in colonizing, exploiting mineral wealth, and spreading Christianity among the Native American peoples. For the next two years, Mackenzie and his black cavalry troopers ranged the Staked Plains chasing the Kwahada. Chief Joseph. Cholera returned in 1867. About 15,000 Apache Indians live on this reservation. There were several reasons the Comanches and Kiowas had been angry in 1852. This led to criticism from the Native American community, as Depp has no documented Native ancestry, and Native community leaders refer to him as a non-Indian. Granted, the Comanche were able to do so well because of repeated critical miscalculations by the Spanish as well as many sprees of genius luck and skill. With this in mind, what is the name of the Comanche language? [35] Moreover, as the Anglo population of Texas grew rapidly, the Indians suffered additional losses from smallpox in the late 1830s. The Comanche pushed the Apache south and west off the Great Plains and continued to expand southward. The Comanche, on the other hand, is more agile and can The Spanish continued to give gifts and hospitality to the Comanche. In June, 1874 a large Comanche-Cheyenne war party attacked twenty-three buffalo hunters camped in the Texas Panhandle at the site of Carson's 1864 battle at Adobe Walls. which means peoples language.. Six hundred soldiers surrounded a band of Comanches and killed 300 men, women, and children and took more than 100 prisoners. Most of the other Comanches moved to the vicinity of Fort Cobb and remained on the reservation for the winter, but since the treaty was not yet ratified, there was no money to pay for rations. Your email address will not be published. I am currently continuing at SunAgri as an R&D engineer. The Comanches possessed excellent hunting abilities, which aided them in obtaining food. At the same time, Texas civilians stole 1,900 horses from the tribes at Fort Sill. Most of all interesting in Apache as server for php pages (not for serving static files). [40], The first President of Texas, Sam Houston, negotiated with the Comanche with the objective of establishing a firm border between the Anglo settlers and Comancheria. In the years following, they would exact their revenge by serving as army scouts against the Comanches. is their own term for the language. It means enemy in the language of their Ute neighbors. The Spanish governor organized an expedition to punish the Indians and an army of more than 700, mostly Pueblos and Apache, marched north to the Arkansas River valley and searched for two months without finding a single Ute or Comanche. [39] The Comanche successfully gained Apache land and As for the appearance of a Comanche you could usually describe them as being shorter. In October, 1871 a raid led by Quanah Parker stole seventy horses from the army at Rock Station. In April, 200 Kwahada, who had never submitted, surrendered at Fort Sill. Each Arizona and New Mexico Apache tribe lives on its own reservation. One bounty hunter in 1847 claimed 487 Apache scalps, according to Madleys article. Always pragmatic, the Comanches adjusted, but in typical Comanche style. The Apache people had hunter-gatherer lives and often engaged in battle with the adjacent Oodham, Yavapai, and Navajo tribes. In October, 1858 Captain Earl Van Dorn attacked a Comanche village at Rush Springs killing 83. Among the most famous Cherokees in history: The Caddos were travelers and traders and they greeted the Spaniards, when they met them in the seventeenth century, with the cry of Taychas! Prior to European settlement of the Americas, Cherokees were the largest Native American tribe in North America. The English name for this location is a close approximation of a Navajo greeting, while the Navajo name for this location really means like the devil, in reference to J.B. That was the Comanche boundary, and it remained mostly intact for the next 40 years, through the most difficult and bloody Indian conflict the United States had ever seen. In May, 1865 a council was held on the Washita River in western Oklahoma. Because of this, the Apache finally had to make peace with their enemies, the Spaniards. What is the difference between Comanche and Apache? They presided over a large area called Comancheria which they shared with allied tribes, the Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, Wichita, and after 1840 the southern Cheyenne and Arapaho. Although the creation myths of the Algonquin and the Comanche are similar, there are some marked differences that show the understanding of a higher power and the unique differences among their cultures. First and foremost, their adoption of horses in the early eighteenth century allowed the Comanches to build a lifestyle based on bison hunting; horses thus helped the Comanche transform boundless fields of grass into the caloric fuel (bison meat) needed for their rapid population growth. An agreement with the southern branches of the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes ended a wasting war on the Comanche's northern frontier and gained about 2,000 new allies. Comanche is pronounced kuh-MAN-chee. Comanche history /kmnti/ is the story of the Native American (Indian) tribe which lived on the Great Plains of the present-day United States. (Oct 1992), "Embattled Borderland: Northern Nuevo Len and the Indios Brbaros, 1686-1870,", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Towards a Context for Late Precontact Culture Change: Comanche Movement Prior to Eighteenth Century Spanish Documentation", "Extract of the Journal of the Mallet Brothers", "The Transformation of the Texas Economy", Kiowa Comanche Apache Indian Territory Project. The Apache claimed the basin and range country east and south of the Plateau and surrounding the One of the main animals they hunted was the buffalo, the apache did the same. Mackenzie disposed of many of the Comanche and Kiowa horses. An American army under General Stephen W. Kearny seized Santa F and moved on to California. Since the Santa F Trail was a vital route, it was essential to reach an agreement with them. How to Stream Crunchyroll on Discord PC Guide. WebThe Comanche Indians were extraordinary horsemen once the horse was introduced to them allowing hunting and gathering to become more efficient. Tribal enrollment in the 21st century numbered 15,191, with 7,763 members residing in the Lawton-Fort Sill and surrounding areas of southwest Oklahoma. Yes, it is possible to play Roblox on Oculus Quest 2 through the Virtual Desktop app. The Cheyenne and Arapaho were allowed to live in Comancheria and, as customary, the peace makers exchanged gifts. The Comanche successfully gained Apache land and pushed the Apache farther west. Because of this, the Apache finally had to make peace with their enemies, the Spaniards. War was averted only when traders and Indian agents advanced credit to send part of the promised gifts. * In 1790 the Comanche added new Native American partners: 2,000 Kiowa and Kiowa-Apache joined them as allies in Comancheria. The Spanish dream of a powerful colony in Texas to counter the advance of British and French colonists was dashed as Spanish Texas came under heavy assault by the Comanche.[22]. However, the agent had learned of their departure and purpose and had alerted the army. The Apache peoples migrated from the Northern Plains into the Southwest relatively recently. The Comanches had expected guns, ammunition, and quality goods; what they got were rotten civil war rations and cheap blankets that fell apart in the rain. Five companies of Missouri volunteers were sent to garrison these posts during the summer of 1847 and quickly became engaged in fights with Plains Indians. Travelers crossed the Plains from east to west without danger. Were the Apache matrilineal or patrilineal? Besides the usual promises of peace and friendship, the Comanches were promised a large amount of goods and services. The acquisition of horses enabled the Comanche to have the mobility to become wide-ranging nomads. Only the Kwahada were still on the Staked Plains. The peace agreement of 1752 was favorable to the Comanche, granting them trade privileges and treatment as a sovereign nation, and freeing them to make war on the Ute. Apache Camp, New Mexico (ca. Your email address will not be published. [32][33] The French were gone after 1803 when they sold Louisiana to the United States. ApacheApache and Comanche Indians were both popular with scalp hunters. The agent at Fort Sill was ordered to limit rations and suspend the distribution of ammunition. A few Comanche sent their children to Spanish schools. How Many Middle Schools Are In Wake County? The Comanche (/kuh*man*chee/) were the only Native Americans more powerful than the Apache. The Comanche successfully gained Apache land and pushed the Apache farther west. Because of this, the Apache finally had to make peace with their enemies, the Spaniards. They needed Spanish protection from the Comanche. Who were the enemies of the Comanche? The Apache Indians While the army was making its own plans to deal with the hostiles by force, the federal government decided to make one final effort to resolve the conflict through treaty. In northern Kansas and Nebraska, the Comanche were sporadically at war with the Pawnee, another powerful tribe allied with the French. He was told by the leaders of the settlement that "The infidel enemies of the Ute and Comanche tribe were about to make an attack upon this pueblo." In 1981, two elders on the Mescalero Apache Reservation were fluent Lipan speakers. The peaceful Penateka were forced to leave Texas, along with tribes that had never fought Texans, including the Tonkawa, Caddo, and Delaware, who had served loyally as scouts for the Texas Rangers. What Was The Most Peaceful Native American Tribe? South-central United States (Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Kansas, Colorado) and northern Mexico, Comanche victory over Spain and Mexico Final Texan and United States victory, Asaro Mud Men, Goroka, Papua New Guinea. They became known as one of the so-called Five Civilized Tribes, thanks to their relatively peaceful interactions with early European settlers and their willingness to adapt to Anglo-American customs. How are the Apache and Comanche similar? The Apache, Caddo, Comanche, Kiowa, Cherokee, Coushatta, Kickapoo, and Wichita tribes all have their own pages. The answer is Comanche does not speak any known language. [citation needed] Captain Felipe de Rbago y Tern first wrote the term Lipanes in 1761.The terms The Comanche and their allies, the Kiowa and other tribes, raided hundreds of miles south of the border, killing thousands of people and stealing hundreds of thousands of head of livestock, much of which they sold to Anglo-Americans in the United States. A boundary line between Comancheria and Texas was alluded to, but not defined. Several Comanches had recently been killed in Texas by Tonkawa scouts, and some of the first thoughts were of revenge. The 1786 agreement ended major hostilities between the Comanche and the Spanish and Puebloans of New Mexico. Comanche: The Most Powerful Native American Tribe In History. [28], The most powerful tribe the Comanche faced in the eastern Great Plains were the Osage who prevented the Comanche from advancing eastwards beyond approximately the middle portion of both Kansas and Oklahoma. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword They needed Spanish protection from the Comanche. [citation needed]. The Mallets met the "Laitane" (Comanche) along the Arkansas River in Colorado. The war also provided the Comanches with an opportunity to seek revenge against the Tonkawa. [36], The peace with the Spanish in Texas suffered stains after 1795 and in New Mexico when the Mexican War of Independence began in 1810, although the Comanche continued to trade with the Spanish. Of the Comanche divisions, only the Yamparika, Nokoni, Penateka, and Tenewa were parties to the agreement; the Kwahada and Kotsoteka were not. By the time he rode in Theodore Roosevelt's inaugural parade in 1905, Quanah had amassed 100 horses, 1,000 cattle, and 250 acres (1.0km2) of cultivated farmland. Between 1858 and 1860, the army's new light-cavalry regiments were used for an offensive against Comanches in Oklahoma. Three months later his Caddo, Delaware, and Tonkawa scouts were expelled from Texas as undesirables. [2], In 1706, Spanish soldier Juan de Ulibarri in the Pueblo settlement of Taos made the first European mention of the Comanche. In their own language, the Comanches call themselves Numinu (the people.). Warriors would wear their hair long, parted in the middle, and braided on the sides. What Is The Most Boring Town In Minnesota? During the winter of 187374, Cheyenne hunters returned to the Darlington agency to report that Kansas buffalo hunters were destroying the southern buffalo herds. In response to increased Indian attacks on the trail during the summer of 1860, three columns of cavalry were sent into the area on a punitive expedition. [20] In 1758 a large band of Norteos, including Comanches, sacked the San Saba Mission, established by the Spanish to advance northward from San Antonio and to make Christians of the Lipan. The result of this offensive by the army and Rangers was to cause trouble elsewhere. The Five Civilized Tribes consist of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole Indian Tribes. WebAs nouns the difference between apache and comanche is that apache is any of several Athabascan-speaking peoples of the American southwest excluding Navajo, i.e. the Shakopee Mdewakanton Today, the Shakopee Mdewakanton are believed to be the richest tribe in American history as measured by individual personal wealth: Each adult, according to court records and confirmed by one tribal member, receives a monthly payment of around $84,000, or $1.08 million a year. Many of these captives were held as slaves, some would eventually be killed. The patient recovered from the scalping. After some discussion, a decision was made to attack the buffalo hunters on the Staked Plains. In exchange for land, the Germans promised a trading post and gifts. When federal officials at Fort Wise learned the Comanches had signed treaties with the Confederacy, they were certain that they had become hostile. Starving, the remaining Comanches, Kiowa, and Cheyenne began to return to the agencies, mostly on foot because they had been forced to eat their horses. The northern states of Mexico and the soldiers and militia they could muster were left on their own to deal with the Comanche raids. As this news spread, violence erupted at the Darlington and Wichita agencies, which had to be put down by troops. Today, they celebrate their heritage with an annual powwow, or dancing festival, in July. In 1716, the governor of New Mexico launched an attack against a peaceful Ute/Comanche camp near San Antonio Mountain, 140km (87mi) north of the capital of Santa Fe, killing and capturing many and enslaving the captives. The comanche are nomadic and live tepes like the apache. Those who want to make the practice illegal argue that the system favors the wealthy and prompts scalpers to buy large quantities of tickets strictly for resale. Meanwhile, the Spanish in Texas were also menaced by the powerful Osage tribe on its northeastern frontier and Apache raids south of the Rio Grande River in Mexico and began seeking peace with the Comanche. At first these outposts had been garrisoned almost entirely with infantry, allowing the Comanche to simply by-passed them. The Osage had ready access to French products, including guns. WebThe Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Apache or Comanche", 6 letters crossword clue. Only a few seniors in Oklahoma speak Comanche fluently now, but some young people are attempting to preserve their ancestors language. Photo: Peter Turnley/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images. By the late 18th century, there were two distinct groups of Comanche. In the 18th century the Osage expanded from their Missouri home onto the Great Plains to hunt bison and satisfy the French demand for bison robes and slaves. Of the three million acres (12,000km) promised the Comanche, Kiowa and Kiowa Apache by treaty in 1867, only 235,000 acres (951km) have remained in native hands. The national government of Mexico was "too incapacitated by fiscal insolvency, civil war, and, ultimately, foreign intervention"[48] to assist the north. The Comanche were closely related in language and tradition to the Eastern Shoshone of Wyoming. That summer, while the Union celebrated its victory, the plains were in turmoil. [21], Initially, the Comanche in Texas traded meat and buffalo pelts to the Taovayas and other Wichita sub-tribes, who were farmers, for agricultural products, especially maize. What was the most powerful Indian tribe in North America? WebComanches roamed this territory where they hunted bison and deer, traded with their neighbors, and raided their enemies settlements. The Comanche Indians were previously a member of Wyomings northern Shoshone tribe, but broke off and moved to their current home on the Southern Plains. The Comanche believed in a creator spirit and its counterpart, an evil spirit, and accepted the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon as deities. The government census estimated a drop in the Comanches' 1849 population of 20,000 to 12,000 by 1851, and the Comanches never recovered from this loss.
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