Albert Bierstadt was known for his sweeping landscapes of the American West. Suffrage would be a threat to the "natural order" of civilization. Materials: 14 Document Facsimiles movement. T he APUSH practice exam appearing below consists of thirty-five multiple-choice questions. o Rancher in the Dakota Badlands; he helped capture outlaws Hetch Hetchy is the incredible story of Americas most controversial dam and the birth of the environmental movement. The Tuolumne River originates in the peaks above Tuolumne Meadows and is the major drainage system for the northern part of Yosemite. He would sign what is known as the 1897 Organic Act into law. What made Wilson look towards reform issues once again? To bring relief to the situation, United States Secretary of the Treasury George B. Cortelyou ponied up $35 million of Federal money to quell the storm. Guinn v. United States (1915): Supreme Court declared the grandfather clause in Oklahoma law was unconstitutional. Muir deeply inspired Pinchot, who in turn helped influence Muirs writing. But Hetch Hetchy was a federally protected as part of Yosemite National Park. o They agreed on the need for basic structural changes in the economy but differed in their approach. Consequently, he disagreed with Muir about the ethics of damming the valley and supported the creation of a water reservoir. Before they could break ground at the OShaughnessy Dam, more infrastructure was required. Whom did the party nominate? Rounding the corner and catching the first glimpses of Hetch Hetchy Valley reveals the play of light on water. Muir argued that every remaining acre of unentered forest-bearing land in all the country . No BS! it to the people. Du Bois towards race relations? While the debate goes on, Hetch Hetchy remains a relaxing and often-overlooked corner of the park much to the delight of hikers and backpackers who prefer less touristy experiences. ~ The establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps ~ The creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority ~ The onset of the Dust Bowl b. You might as well deface the world's great cathedrals, he said, "for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man." The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dam's construction. This time it was in favor those who wanted to preserve the valley for generations yet to come. It limited the ability of individuals to control their own destinies. At full capacity, the reservoir stretches eight miles (13 km) upstream of the OShaughnessy Dam. Why did many progressives want to eliminate alcohol from American life? Could you imagine building a dam inside a national park today? Socialist Party of America Five country-chic rooms in the main building include en suite bathrooms, free WiFi and electric fireplaces. Would that be an improvement? These opposing views might have made the two men natural enemies. March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers. History. o Recall: gave voters the right to remove a public official from office at a special electioncould C. Funding for public education was highest in rural areas. Formed alliances with other women's groups to get things done (Women's Trade Union LeagueWTUL). While Wilson was an advocate for reform there were some issues he wasn't ready to endorsewomen's suffrage and racial tension/segregation. How was it alleviated? Hetch-Hetchy Controversy 598, A battle between preservationists and San Francisco in 1913, over Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite. Why did some progressives oppose business? For Muir, nature was God, best preserved far from the degrading touch of man. B. Republicans usually held a majority in the Senate. And in a larger sense, the waters of California served as the converting agents. The walls of both are of gray granite, rise abruptly out of the flowery grass and groves are sculptured in the same style, and in both every rock is a glacial monument., (Source: Journal of Sierra Nevada History & Biography, Hetch-Hetchy, Natural History Before The Dam, Joe Medeiros), In defense of Hetch Hetchy, Muir crafted some of his most famous prose. the double-declining-balance method is an accelerated method of depreciation. In the autumn of 1871, John Muir visited Hetch Hetchy for the first time. RELATED: A Woman Started The Environmental Movement (Can It Continue?). Other trails also continue to Lake Vernon. emergency exits to prevent workers from leaving "unjustly". They poured an estimated total of more than 398,000 cubic yards (304,000 cubic meters) of concrete to form the dam. What was the most important source of reform in the West? "New woman"a product of social and economic changes The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era. Muckraking magazinesnotably McClure's of the publisher S. S. McCluretook on corporate monopolies and political machines, while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, and child labor. Preservationists led by John Muir and the Sierra Club argued that the valley should be protected against human. An advantage which Phelan, Pinchot and other supporters of the dam project enjoyed was a divided opposition. The book confronts the common historical narrative that Muir and Pinchot were enemies, their relationship defined by their battle over the creation of the Hetch Hetchy Dam in Yosemite. o Teaching The pressure that Muir and his compatriots generated in 1908 and 1909 did not dissuade the administration from its support of the Hetch Hetchy dam, but this pressure was quite effective in the realm of electoral politics. Had it been, the Sierra Clubs members would have presented a united front in opposition to its development. Another popular trail crosses the OShaughnessy Dam and then takes a left turn to climb steeply out of the Hetch Hetchy valley. Progressive political leaders, of whom Mayor Phelan was one, believed it was time to take this power away from the private interests and turn it over to the people. challenging the existing male-dominated order. both A and B o "Antimonopoly": fear of concentrated powerneed to limit and disperse authority and wealth. Youll just need to see them for yourself. Explain. Muir would die just over a year later, and many would define Hetch Hetchy as the tragic climax of his life. I will agree to take down Hetch Hetchy, when we first replace it with a bigger new reservoir such as a bigger taller Yosemite Valley dam at El Capitan. Was everyone satisfied with the amendment? John Muir stands with President Theodore Roosevelt on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park in 1903. Why did voter turnout decline in the early twentieth century? neither A nor B, Which statement regarding the controversy over Hetch Hetchy Valley is FALSE? Nevertheless, some women, the new middle-class did enter professional careers. Would there be any room in an acquisitive society for wildness, or for non material spiritual values?. o Some felt that we needed to help the new residents adapt to American society. What reasons were given, supporting women's suffrage? Describe the different approaches to municipal reform. was the first American president to take an active interest in environmental conservation How did they accomplish their goals? Describe the passion behind each side. On a national stage, Hetch Hetchy became caught in the cross fire between the interests of private utilities ownership and those of municipal ownership. For all the similarities between Hetch Hetchy Valley and Yosemite Valley, there is one enormous difference the Hetch Hetchy reservoir. Explain your answer. An unhealthy environment could lead to ignorance, poverty and even criminality. He was able to create balance and win reelection in 1904. Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Since December 19, 1913, when the Raker Act was signed by President Wilson, there has been a lamentation on the loss of Hetch Hetchy Valley. Other forms of change: directly to the voters in general elections. Clayton suggests that we are drawn to this conflict because its two characters embody deep conflicts within the American experience. Over the next decade, he produced fifteen large oils that transformed the valley into a dreamland unlike anything that ever met mortal eye.. Level. Calculate the return on investment for 2,0002,0002,000 shares of a mutual fund purchased with an offer price of $15.83\$ 15.83$15.83 if the shares were sold with a NAV of $18.72\$ 18.72$18.72. Taft made Richard A. Ballinger as What impact did he have on state-level reform? Who was Robert La Follette? The text of this article is available for unedited republication, free of charge, using the following credit: Originally published as Friends of the Land: John Muir and Gifford Pinchotin the Winter 2020issue ofHumanitiesmagazine, a publication of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Please notify us at@emailif you are republishing it or have any questions. o Moved mayoral elections to years when no presidential or congressional races were being held. San Francisco received permission to build a dam in Hetchy Hetch Valley, a part of Yosemite National Park, causing much controversy. In 1908, Theodore Roosevelts Department of the Interior granted San Francisco the authority to dam the Tuolumne River in Hetch Hetchy Valley for use as a reservoir. According to the philosophy of pragmatism, society should be guided by. He exerted firm control over his cabinet and delegated real authority only to those whose loyalty to o Rejected political action in favor of strikesgeneral strikes. Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans. What was the WTUL? Now San Francisco wanted to dam one of the two principal watersheds in the park, the Hetch Hetchy valley through which ran the Tuolumne River, to create a reservoir for its water supply. In 1896, the National Academy of Sciences created a National Forest Commission, tasked with researching and reporting policy recommendations for the administration of Americas forests. It is 13 miles from the Yosemite National Park border and twice as close to the park than the town of Groveland. Do you feel that this is still the thinking of our current society? He urged African Americans to get an educationgo beyond trade/agricultural schools to the university. He read the book written by Upton SinclairThe JungleRoosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act. o The federal government growing upset with the IWW. No picture of the giant sequoia trees in Yosemite National Park manages to fully capture their immense size and majesty. Like Muir, she felt the beauty of the valley was a national treasure which ought to be preserved. Fight for their civil rights. The San Francisco Bulletin printed a Dec. 1, 1913, story calling the bills opponents a crowd ofnature lovers and fakers, who are waging a sentimental campaign to preserve the Hetch Hetchy Valley as a public playground, a purpose for which it has never been used.. And if youre an engineer or a manager, or if youre interested in fairness or democratic processes, youre probably a Pinchot person. And yet, for Clayton, these differences deepen the story of the two mens cooperation as much as their rivalry. Public disapproval nationwide with the Raker Act helped to bring about the creation of the National Park Service. Through the manipulation of water, the company also had the power to determine which real estate became valuable and which languished. causing much controversy. These clean and comfortable rooms also enjoy access to the pool, spa and other facilities at Yosemite Westgate Lodge. While John Muir led the fight against building the dam, the opposition was supported by Gifford Pinchot. The naturalists and advocates of the dam argued for years and eventually after WWI, the dam was approved and constructed. o Secret ballot Horace Albright, the second director of the National Park Service, wrote that Franklin Lanes appointment to the cabinet was made specifically for the purpose of pushing this [Hetch Hetchy project], the so-called Raker-Pittman Bill. (Source: The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy, Robert W. Righter). Hetch Hetchy represented the first great environmental controversy in the US, [10] and debate over the dam and reservoir continues today. Right next to the Lucky Buck Cafe, youll find the Yosemite Westgate Lodge and Buck Meadows Lodge. Muir fought in the pages of theAtlanticandHarpers Weekly. While opponents of the dam were hard pressed for financial support, the city of San Franciscos campaign was well financed. Us too! Her influence helped spark the settlement house Hetch Hetchy Valley is a treasure worth visiting. Sign up for the email list and join an active community of monthly readers. This time, in favor of those who wanted to build the dam. These helped to advance the Mirror Lakes famous spring-time reflections capture the eye and mind. Aldo Leopold's visionary thinking still guides today's environmental stewards. Richard Ballinger was appointed his Interior Secretary. There have been lawsuits over whether San Francisco violated the agreements of the Raker Act. What sparked the settlement house movement? Some endorsed the radical goals of European Marxists The shares paid a dividend of $0.87\$ 0.87$0.87 per share during ownership. When changes are made there are unintended consequences. Tammany Hall: It pitted Gifford Pinchot, Americas first forester, against John Muir, Americas legendary conservationist. America needed enlightened experts and well-designed bureaucracies to create stability. WWI dramatically weakened the socialists. Other reforms (by some states): should exist only if they benefited the middle-class. In American politics during the late nineteenth century. Coming from the San Francisco Bay Area youll pass right through Buck Meadows on Highway 120. Once again, the political pendulum would swing. But how did the dam get to be here? How did they get their nickname? Some believed in working for reform through electoral politics, others favored militant direct action. o Primary Election: an attempt to take the selection of candidates away from the bosses and give How did Teddy Roosevelt become president? Belief in the influence of the environment on individual development. be called after a sufficient number of citizens had signed a petition. William Howard Taft became president in 1909. o Efforts to limit the power of the party and improve the quality of elected officials. The law imposed a heavy tax on products of child labor. Donald Hodel, then Secretary of the Interior, suggested that the time might be ripe to remove the O . You can expect one (short) email per week. Second, dams slow rivers. Like Muir, he was totally transfixed by the Hetch Hetchy Valley. should be ended altogether. How to He had journeyed to Washington to lobby the federal government on behalf of the project. What impact did the organization have on race relations? Preservationist groups such as the Sierra Club lobby for the restoration of the valley, while others argue that leaving the dam in place would be the better economic and environmental decision. The people of San Francisco won and were able to build a reservoir in the valley. On the other, the drowned valley has become an oasis of solitude in a national park that, in many places, has come to resemble a shopping mall parking lot more than a nature reserve. In the late nineteenth century, American Populism. However, not until 1987 under President Reagan did hope resurfaced that we may actually get it back. As the demand for professional services increased, so did pressures for reform. o Election of the mayor nonpartisan This 1910 view shows Kolana Rock and Tueeulala Falls in the background. Why did women's clubs begin? Did Roosevelt run for a third term? o They supported pacifism and labor organizing It spans 900 feet (270 m) with a 17-foot (5.2 m) wide trail across the top that hikers use to cross to the opposite side. It is the single largest women's organization in American history to this point. Rancheria Falls itself is a series of whitewater cascades that crashes through a narrow canyon on its way to the reservoir. The same features that make Hetch Hetchy Valley so spectacular also make it an ideal location for a dam. Amateur and professional. On U.S. Forest Service land, the interests of mining and lumber companies are balanced with the recreational pursuits of hunters, snowmobilers, and cross-country skiers. Democrats suffered many losses in congress. Government should regulate Gifford Pinchot, the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, with his friend Theodore Roosevelt in 1907. Waterfalls gushed at Hetch Hetchy after an atmospheric river event in October 2021. Once again, the political pendulum had swung. o One of the few labor organizations of the time to champion the cause of unskilled workers o Populists proposed two important changes in the 1890s The severity of the downturn was such that it prompted the United States Congress to form the Federal Reserve System. Required fields are marked *. Including additions made between 1934 and 1938, the dam currently stands 430 feet (131 m) above the bedrock below. The spacious rooms include access to a heated swimming pool, spa, playground, and laundry facilities. First, they block rivers which prevents fish from migrating. o Banning campaign contributions by corporations Bierstadts paintings and Muirs writings began to publicize the beauty of the Hetch Hetchy Valley. Was he a good choice? or break up trusts at the state and national level. Historians of the American conservation movement regard Pinchot as the foremost exemplar of the utilitarian approach to conservation, according to which man has a right to use natural resources, but also an obligation to use them wisely and efficientlyor as the classic criterion put it, the greatest good for the greatest number over the long run. As applied to forests and espoused by Pinchot, this meant that the nations forest reserves ought not to be maintained as inviolate sanctuaries, but opened to enlightened management.. Women's clubs began primarily as cultural organizations to provide middle- and upper-class women without an outlet for their intellectual energies. Indeed, the battle over Hetch Hetchy may have been a little-known contributor to the permanent alignment of American politics it was the tension between Ballinger and Pinchot that set in motion the events that lead to the split mentioned above. Guests at these suites receive breakfast on their patios. During the first years of his presidency, he was concerned with being reelected. The commission reported their recommendations to President Grover Cleveland in 1889, engulfing Cleveland, Pinchot, and the rest of the commission in a political firestorm. It is part of our More than Just Parks Environmental Heroes series. An adjacent building contains another five suites with vaulted ceilings, forest views and soaking tubs. Direct Primary and Recall While youre at it, plan to add to the historic flavor of this route with a stop the Northern Mariposa County History Center. This limits their ability to access spawning habitat, seek out food resources, and escape predation. Municipal government (city) became one of the first targets of those working for political reform. They respected each other, and acknowledged their shared appreciation for the natural world. Start by hiking across the OShaughnessy Dam then turn east along the shore of the reservoir. Monroe went on to lobby members of Congress as the battle moved to Washington D.C. She was a tireless advocate who believed that people needed to be educated in order to do what was best for everyone involved. It damming in the 1920's caused major controversy among environmentalists. o 146 workers (most women) died. Why did progressives place a high value on knowledge and expertise? He lobbied congressmen, compromised with logging and mining companies, and argued for a forest system in which these disparate groups could jointly pursue their interests. Buck Meadows is also a great place to spend the night. Most turned to "helping" professionssociety considered domestic and suitable for women: What were the differing viewpoints from African Americans regarding Booker T. Washington's message? As we learned from Rachel Carsons Silent Spring, humankind can damage the environment while attempting to control it. Which statement about education in the late nineteenth century is FALSE? Photo: Chris Migeon. The Federal Reserve Act set up a system of federal banks and gave the government power over the money supply. Corporations bought up entire forests for lumber. Taft investigated the charges and decided they were groundless. According to a local legend, Nate spotted a valley to the east that was too far to visit. He added significantly to the National Park System. Expect delicious meals and hearty portions to fuel your adventure or beat that post-hiking hunger. In spite of Muirs eloquent and heated objections, the Raker Act was signed into law in December of 1913. The report cited other dam projects in making the argument that this project would increase tourism. Answer (a), (b), and (c). End of the nineteenth century: The construction of the Hetch Hetchy Railroad took place from 1915 to 1918. What impact did muckrakers have on the American public? As a 13.4-mile (21.4 km) round-trip hike, Rancheria Falls gets fewer day-hikers than Wapama Falls but is a popular backpacking stop. In 1901, one of the first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of, When it came to environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt Glaciers followed these low-points, leaving their own marks in particular carving out the characteristic U-shaped valley with steep sides and wide floor. . Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. Create a federal agency through which the government would help business police itself regulatory commission. Gravel, logs, and other important food and habitat features can become trapped. Briefly present an argument why ONE of the following developments was the most significant factor contributing to greater environmental conservation in the United States in the 1930s. Born in Massachusetts, educated at Fisk University and Harvard. The grassroots organization of environmental activism, established by John Muir and his supporters, became a model for future environmentalists. A few became physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists, and corporate managers. He was opposed by then Mayor Diane Feinstein who argued that the dam was San Franciscans birthright. Newlands Reclamation Act: Definition. Photo: Kim Lawson. As the battle lines were drawn, the different methods employed by each side in presenting their case spoke to some of their basic assumptions about the nature of the issue. First major political debate over environment. At a series of book talks, supported by Humanities Montana, Clayton has found that these conflicts still resonate deeply with audiences. Some opposed "bigness" because the considered it inefficient. SUBSCRIBE FOR HUMANITIES MAGAZINE PRINT EDITION Browse all issuesSign up for HUMANITIES Magazine newsletter. Like light shining through a prism, our views today must reflect the colorful variety of perspectives passed down through history. Suffragists argued that suffrage would make important contributions to politics because of women's manager or engineerto take charge of the city government the 1914 elections. Aspire to be professionals. Its chief concern was redeeming the nation's cities. [11] Photo: Kim Lawson. The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism | Oxford Academic Online ISBN: 9780199788934 Print ISBN: 9780195149470 Publisher: Oxford University Press Book The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism Get access Robert W. Righter Not far from there, youll find more budget-minded lodging at Buck Meadows Lodge. Many progressives considered the elimination of alcohol from American life a necessary step in restoring order to society. Third, dams alter natural habitats and change the ways in which rivers function. West and East. Even in the summer when Yosemite Valley is being explored by visitors from around the world, Hetch Hetchy remains an oasis of relative calm. In 1896, the Democratic political platform. And, as you might imagine, it produces some of the cleanest municipal water in the United States. Progressives differed on their approach. It was one of the central institutions of the urban machine. secretary of the interior. Pinchot was Americas Forester. He served as the first head of the United States Forest Service. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13 Additional Resources in the Library of Congress The Library of Congress's General Collections include many materials related to the Hetch Hetchy controversy: books, pamphlets, and government documents. Describe the controversy that destroyed Taft's popularity with reformers for good. It involved the unintended consequences of efforts to shape the environment to meet human needs. o Faith in knowledge: applying to society the principles of natural and social sciences. [2] As Clayton writes, the 1897 act and MuirsAtlanticandHarperspieces are as much a climax to the Muir-Pinchot story as Hetch Hetchy. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. 2023 Yosemite Mariposa County Tourism Bureau, Yosemite Itineraries: What to Do in Yosemite. From the turn-off, the road winds for 16.5 miles up the old Hetch Hetchy railroad grade (26.5 km) to the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, passing many lonely trails along the way. William Howard Taft For Pinchot, a close friend and adviser to the president, this was an obvious choice. Challenges to traditional partiesGreenbacks, Populism, Mugwumps (Independent Republicans) Secret ballotsprinted by the government and distributed at the polls to be filled out and deposited in secrethelped chip away at the power of the parties over voters. Utilizing its superior resources, the city produced a detailed report which made a compelling case that, far from damaging the beauty of Yosemite, the dam would actually enhance it. San Francisco assumed from the outset that there would not be significant opposition to using the Hetch Hetchy Valley, even if it was in a national park, for the high and noble purpose of providing water to one of the nations great and growing metropolises, so their efforts in Washington, DC, were conducted discreetly. respond? High temperatures prevail in summer months, but its a small price to pay for the reward of vast wilderness filled with stunning peaks, hidden canyons, and remote lakes. Albright, along with Stephen Mather, became instrumental players in the creation of a national park system three years after Congress decided the issue of Hetch Hetchy.
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