addy4e942a4423f495800f38cd74f5bbd140 = addy4e942a4423f495800f38cd74f5bbd140 + 'prca' + '.' + 'org'; Warren Wiersbe, one of my favorite Bible teachers, puts it like this: Emilelech walked by sight not by faith and took his whole family right down with him. This is completely secular thinking. In the days when the judges ruled in Israel, a severe famine came upon the Reformed Witness Hour Newsletter - January 2023, The Punishment of Rebellious Children (2). There is something particularly encouraging about our text. They were Ephrathites from Bethlehem in the land of Judah. Some years ago I had the pleasure of meeting a lovely Christian in a hotel in Jakarta, Indonesia. In the brief narrative no critical comment The something that occurred is immediately coupled together with the problem of a famine. There is so much more to this story than merely the people in it this story is the story of the gospel. Ruth has an uncanny grasp of Israels religion and has chosen to embrace it as her own. Oh My! Other translations have another another husband. In Genesis 12, God tested Abraham's faith in his promises. And there is another difficult part of leaving Moab. Second, this book points ahead to the New Testament days of the catholic or universal church, for Ruth is a Moabitess, a Gentile who is grafted into Israel. Ruth does not cling to Naomi as a kindred spirit, but as a very needy person. In Judges 19-21, we find a similar situation. In those days there was no king in Israel; everyone did what was right in his own eyes. Send me a private message so I can pray and come alongside you as you turn in a new direction. Humanly speaking, staying with Naomi does not offer much promise of a good life for these Moabite widows. So a man from Bethlehem in Judah went to live as a resident foreigner in the var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '='; This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. (Now they arrived in Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest.) When we met, I had no idea who he was, but he introduced himself something like this, Hi, Bob, Im Nate Mirza. And so they, like Lots daughters (the oldest one in particular), devised a scheme whereby the line would be preserved, albeit apart from faith and obedience to Gods Word. Ruths spiritual journey is similar to that of Abraham. So a man from Bethlehem in Judah went to live as a resident foreigner in the region of Moab, along with his wife and two sons. The contrast between Naomi and Ruth is very clear when the two womens words and actions are viewed from the vantage point of the Abrahamic Covenant. 22So Naomi returned from Moab, accompanied by her daughter-in-law Ruth, the young Moabite woman. Naomi, seeking a husband for the young Ruth, sent her to Boaz's threshing-floor when he would be there, in the hope that he would want to marry her. Naomi told her friend not to call her Naomi (which means pleasant) any longer, but rather to call her Mara (which means bitter). Not even death would separate them. We certainly are reminded of the sovereignty of God by our text, but unfortunately most of the emphasis on Gods sovereignty in chapter 1 comes from Naomi, and she is not seeing things as she should. Moses reiterates to the people of God that they must not only remain in the land He gives them, but they must occupy this land in spite of dreadful obstacles. Surely this poor fellow doesn't understand the covenant". There was a famine in the era of the Judges. Learn more about our. Ruth provides us with a vital part of our Saviours genealogy, for she was the great-grandmother of King David from whom came the Messiah, according to His human nature. Why did you not tell me that she was your wife? James illustrates the progression in the following way: Then, when desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin; and sin, when it is full-grown, brings forth death. Obviously, Naomi had changed. God has chosen to save Gentiles as well as Jews. var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; land of Israel, which included Bethlehem where Elimelech and Naomi 1, iv. 32 Come, lets make our father drunk with wine so we can have sexual relations with him and preserve our family line through our father. 33 So that night they made their father drunk with wine, and the older daughter came and had sexual relations with her father. Stay in Bethlehem: risk starving their bodies. during the time of the judges in Israel. I went out full, and the Lord hath brought me home again empty: why then call ye me Naomi, seeing the Lord hath testified against me, and the Almighty hath afflicted me? (21). Elimelech died (of what, we are not told), leaving Naomi a widow, and Mahlon and Chilion orphans, in a foreign land (3). 15 So Naomi said, Look, your sister-in-law is returning to her people and to her god. For the connection between Ephrath and Bethlehem, see Gen. xxxv. But he by no means leaves the guilty unpunished, responding to the transgression of fathers by dealing with children and childrens children, to the third and fourth generation (Exodus 34:6-7, emphasis mine). than the children of the married woman, says the Lord. Anyone is at liberty to use this lesson for educational purposes only, with or without credit. I think the message is pretty loud and clear: Liz Curtis Higgs wrote a book, THE GIRLS STILL GOT IT, about the story of Ruth. WebElimelech and His Family Move to Moab 1 1-2 Long ago, in the days before Israel had a king, there was a famine in the land. var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '='; He says this because the Hebrew that Samuel uses to describe Elimelech's action is the word for "sojourning!" How will this family survive without a faithful husband? When famines strike the land, they are not the result of a bare meteorological phenomenon. Cursed shall be the fruit of your body and the produce of your land, the increase of your cattle and the offspring of your flocks. Many, including me, are troubled by the times in which we live, but this is no excuse for ungodly behavior. People who want to stay in Moab. Therefore all those who separate themselves from the same, or do not join themselves to it, act contrary to the ordinance of God.At first blush, Ruth 1:1-5 records a very simple human story, involving a family of four, consisting of a man and his wife, Elimelech and Naomi, and their two sons, Mahlon and Chilion (2). She went on to become so righteous that God made her the ancestress of King David. New Living Translation (NLT). Webwhy did ruth and orpah make a different decision +27(0)11 048 1418 / (0)11 656 2000; subaru sambar parts canada; arkansas game wardens by county. As I was studying our text for this message, it occurred to me that the text which describes the origin of the Moabites in Genesis 19 is a key to understanding the story of Ruth, and especially Naomis role in this account. May the Lord show you the same kind of devotion that you have shown to your deceased husbands and to me! Design by Social Village. How could Naomi point them in the wrong direction? She does not acknowledge sin on her part (and Elimelechs), and she does not seek to repent. Would Abraham believe that God would provide for him and protect his wife to whom God had given a promise of future blessings? In Judges 3, we read that the Israelites were subject to Eglon, king of Moab, for 18 years.8 Since the Moabites were not Canaanites, marriage to a Moabite was not strictly forbidden.9 Nevertheless, Moabites were not only regarded as aliens or foreigners, but also as second class citizens. Marriage to a Moabite was not something one did to gain status in Israel. It took two attempts to convince Orpah to turn back and three attempts to convince Naomi that her efforts to turn Ruth away were futile. They were of the clan of Ephrath from Bethlehem in Judah.) You need JavaScript enabled to view it. The same pattern in the land is taught in Deuteronomy 28. No, of course not, my daughters! She had to leave her family, her homeland, and her gods and go to the place of Gods blessing. People who have chosen different paths. Think of it: Naomi and her husband leave the land where God promised to bless them. Learn how your comment data is processed. moved to Bethlehem with her mother in law, Naomi, she met and Someone reminded me that the Book of Ruth is a lot like the Book of Esther. In her mind, this was the normal, the customary, way to produce offspring. What a marvelous woman of faith Ruth was. Ruth would have none of this foolish talk, and she made this abundantly clear to her mother-in-law. Naomi should teach us to be careful about accepting the counsel of those who seem to be well meaning. Who will be the judge that does not fall like Samson fell? She had given up all hope. addya1ecccfd0b401858a2877dcb45f7be68 = addya1ecccfd0b401858a2877dcb45f7be68 + 'sbcglobal' + '.' + 'net'; The contrast between Ruth and Orpah. To an ancient Israelite, the idea of famine in the land should have confronted them with a theological challenge. They attempted to destroy Israel by getting them to marry their daughters. (8) All of this leads me to conclude that Naomi is not an example of faith, but an excellent example of Israels poor spiritual health. The lot of widows was especially hard in those days, but for a widow in a foreign land, like Naomi, it was even more difficult.We are not altogether unfamiliar with stories like this. If they were not faithful to this task, they would be tested even more severely and called back to faithfulness. Anyone anywhere in the world with an Internet connection will be able to use and print out the NET Bible without cost for personal study. Naomis hope was in the physical rather than in the spiritual, in the present rather than in eternity. Naomi counseled Orpah and Ruth to do what seemed right in their eyes. It must have been on Naomis watch that these two sons married their Moabite wives Orpah and Ruth. She had left her country and lost her husband and both her sons. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. The suffering of His people, whether for sins they have committed or for living righteously, is but the prelude to His glorious salvation. And she was honored to be a part of the messianic line.34. If Elimelech, Naomi, Mahlon, and Kilion suffered because of their sins, they deserved it. How could Naomi encourage Ruth (and, by inference, Orpah) to return to their god(s), when doing so would condemn them eternally? When we read the Bible, we should expect to be taught the way of the covenant. R. Simon b. Yoai contends (ib.) 16But Ruth replied, Dont ask me to leave you and turn back. No, my daughters, you must not return with me. It is no wonder that Naomi speaks to her daughters-in-law about husbands, marriage, and children, because this is what is on her mind. First, she insisted that Naomi must cease urging her to turn back. I want you to think about Moab. Would he trust in God's promise to provide food for his family in the land or would he leave in fear? Thus he trusts in this Moabs hostility and opposition to Israel continued on into the period of the Judges. Naomi felt that God was against her, and every indication is that she felt God had dealt with her in a harsh and severe way. 15 In fact, if they had been thinking of the land that they had left, they would have had opportunity to return. It led to a hopeless fatalism: It doesnt really matter what I say or do; God is against me, and there is nothing I can do about it.. Rev. 2). Thus, there was something covenantal about this famine. 2 Then I will make you into a great nation, and I will bless you, and I will make your name great, so that you will exemplify divine blessing. Naomi not only disregards the Abrahamic Covenant, she also urges Ruth (and Orpah) to do likewise. Not only were they renowned for their immorality in general, but they had an infamous place in redemptive history. moved to Bethlehem with her mother in law, Naomi, she met and (3) One gets the impression that those who remained in Bethlehem fared reasonably well during the famine; certainly better than Naomi and her family did. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. The New Covenant promises that God will write the law on the hearts of those He has chosen for salvation, whether Jew or Gentile. The genealogy provided in chapter 4 would incline us to believe that the events of Ruth took place later rather than sooner in the period of the judges, because Ruth is the great grandmother of David.17 But other than this, there do not appear to be any direct links to events or persons in the Book of Judges. 8 Indeed, my plans are not like your plans, and my deeds are not like your deeds, 9 for just as the sky is higher than the earth, so my deeds are superior to your deeds and my plans superior to your plans. The people were to know that as they lived in the land of promise in faithfulness, God would bless them. Then Elimelech, Naomis husband, died; and she was left, and her two sons. As well as the five indicators in Ruth 1, we should think about other, relevant, biblical teaching. And thus there is no evidence of repentance on her part at this point in time. Angus Stewart, Pastorates: Covenant Protestant Reformed Church of Ballymena, Northern Ireland - 2001. Naomi also made it clear that this was because (in her mind) God had dealt harshly with her.16 Naomi measured Gods blessing only in terms of food and of family. The first concerns our Lord Jesus Christ. Elimelech is confronted with more than merely the problem of feeding his family; he has a covenantal choice set before him. Because her family died Why did Elimelech and his family go to Moab? 3 For you will spread out to the right and to the left; your children will conquer nations and will resettle desolate cities (Isaiah 54:1-3). 36 In this way both of Lots daughters became pregnant by their father. We know that this backfired because Balaam could not curse those whom God had blessed.5 When this approach did not work, Balaam counseled Balak how to harm Israel in a very different way by having the Moabite women seduce the Israelite men.6 One might easily infer from this that the Moabites, like the Canaanites, were a sexually immoral people (in a way that tempted the Israelites). The next day, the other man refused to take Ruth, and she and Boaz were married. She would be buried where Naomi was buried. God loves to show mercy and compassion. Each of you should return to your mothers home! But he was not aware that she had sexual relations with him and then got up. For instance, Samuel opens the story without naming Elimelech. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. PRC-Related: RFPA, Standard Bearer, Reformed Witness Hour, Etc. I can imagine how it alarmed and frightened Naomi when Elimelech died while they were sojourning in Moab. Both were traveling with Naomi as she made her way toward Israel. 35 Or who has first given to God, that God needs to repay him? May you grow in giant leaps in Jesus Name. If so, perhaps the minister can moralize a little on the problems and dangers of emigration. Thanks so much for meeting me here AT THE CROSSROADS. In Esther, the people of God were supposed to return to the Promised Land, but they chose instead to dwell in the apparent peace and safety of Persia. This is the modern understanding of weather. Give a joyful shout and cry out, you who have not been in labor! The chapter ends with the authors assessment of where things stand, with a hint of what lies ahead. There is really no evidence of faith (on Naomis part), either. Even if we realize that there are far, far better things ahead than any we leave behind.. (1) There is no clear link to a particular time, to a particular judge, or to a particular event recorded in the Book of Judges. I believe the opening words of A Tale of Two Cities go like this: It was the best of times, it was the worst of times . Surely these words aptly describe Ruth in the period of the judges. The benchmark by which we need to compare Ruth and Naomi is the Abrahamic Covenant: 1 Now the LORD said to Abram, Go out from your country, your relatives, and your father's household to the land that I will show you. Ruth is very significant as regards church membership, departing from the church and joining the church. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. This email address is being protected from spambots. The contrast between Ruth and Naomi. I was bereaved and barren, dismissed and divorced. They did not seem to live by it, so why would they consider it important to teach it to a Moabite? var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '='; 31 Later the older daughter said to the younger, Our father is old, and there is no man anywhere nearby to have sexual relations with us, according to the way of all the world. Ruth is the perfect story of transition. What was the reason that Elimelech moved his family to Moab in the first chapter of Ruth? The best thing for Orpah and Ruth to do was to return to their people and their gods, Naomi concluded. Chilion was the son of Elimelech and Naomi and the late husband Put another way, the title of this book is Ruth, not Orpah. There is no doubt that this is a great honor and privilege for a woman. She then kissed both of them, a very clear signal of dismissal. In her third attempt, she orders Ruth to follow her sister-in-law back home. Isnt it so cool how the Bible is like that? Follow your sister-in-law back home! 16 But Ruth replied. Covenant Evangelical Reformed Church of Singapore, Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Australia, Missions, Sister Churches, Christian Schools. When they turned away from God, He turned away from them. Remember this, if ever you are tempted to leave the church, which is where the Lord dwells (I Tim. Lots daughters, the Israelites (on behalf of the Benjamites), and Naomi are inclined to resort to a pragmatic solution, rather than one that is faith-based and rooted in principle. var addy4e942a4423f495800f38cd74f5bbd140 = 'laning' + '@'; Leaving His land, His people, His office-bearers, His worship and His day is leaving God. addy6abc068fa8d6d6e3ed55f5c6ed881e19 = addy6abc068fa8d6d6e3ed55f5c6ed881e19 + 'prca' + '.' + 'org'; This was the land in which God had already killed the men of Israel for the very same action. There is a vital spiritual lesson to be gleaned from Ruth 1:1-5 (we covered its history in the last issue of the News). var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; All rights reserved. WebAs a result, the socio-economic fabric of society was falling apart, and a famine gripped the land. var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '='; If you desire to join a community where you can meet others for hope and encouragement on your faith journey, I would love to have you as a fellow traveler. But here is where the similarity ends. Ruth is never dealt with as a second-class believer. Naomi saw singleness (widowhood for her) and childlessness as a curse, while Paul taught that singleness could facilitate ministry to others and to God (1 Corinthians 7:32-35). Can this be Naomi? they asked (verse 19). (Ruth 1:1+2). They would be a reminder that Naomis sons their husbands had not married Israelite wives. var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; It appears from redemptive history that the Moabites had deliberately schemed to intermarry with the Israelites in order to conquer them. No! In our text (as in Judges and everywhere else in Scripture), man looks bad, very bad, and God looks good, very good. Lines and paragraphs break automatically. The oldest daughter went first, bearing a son whom she named Moab. I will put my law within them and write it on their hearts and minds. The security in the home of a new husband referred to earlier is now spelled out in plainer terms. Ruth would not only do this until death separated them, she would do so in death. 8But on the way, Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, Go back to your mothers homes. The crises of life are Gods pop quizzes, times when He puts our faith to the test, times when He gives us an opportunity to put our faith on display. The latter chapters of the book of Judges contain variations of In those days there was no king in Israel: every man did that which was right in his own eyes (17:6; 18:1; 19:1; 21:25). Who would want Naomi for a mother-in-law? For did Elimelech and his family really go up to all of the three pilgrimage feasts each of the ten or so years they spent in Moab (Ruth 1:4)? that Elimelech was one of the chiefs of Israel, andthat his premature death was his punishment for having left the Holy Land and having settled in the land of Moab. God had just destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah because of their great sin. Things are far more bitter for me than for you, because the Lord himself has raised his fist against me., 14And again they wept together, and Orpah kissed her mother-in-law good-bye. Surely you would not remain unmarried all that time! 2On one level the rabbi is exactly correct. i. The younger daughter then did likewise and bore a son named Ammon. In short, Naomi is a picture of Israels spiritual condition at this point in their history. It is available on the Internet at: www.netbible.org. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. 1In the days when the judges ruled in Israel, a severe famine came upon the land. 15 The translations differ here. Call me Mara because the Sovereign One has treated me very harshly. 6 So she decided to return home from the region of Moab, accompanied by her daughters-in-law, because while she was living in Moab she had heard that the Lord had shown concern for his people, reversing the famine by providing abundant crops. Perhaps one reason why the author does not make a major point out of the theme of divine judgment is because his purpose is to emphasize divine mercy, not only as God provided food for His people, but also in His providential provision of a family and a posterity for Naomi and Elimelech. Ruth was born in Moab about B.C. [] Source: WHEN YOU NEED TO GET OUT OF MOAB [], Your email address will not be published. Naomi, that is come again out of the land of Moab, selleth a parcel of land; meaning, that she was determined upon it, and was about to do it, and would do it quickly, and he had it in commission to propose it to a purchaser: which was our brother Elimelech's; not in a strict sense, but being akin to the kinsman and himself, and having been a neighbour of them all, and an inhabitant of the place, he is called their brother; though some Jewish writers (f) say, that he was in a strict sense a brother of Boaz and this kinsman, and that Tob, Elimelech, and Boaz, were brethren, and so Tob was reckoned the nearest kinsman, and had the first right to redeem, because he was the elder brother but this does not seem likely; See Gill on Ruth 3:13. Not only is Naomi unable to provide these women with husbands (and thus with children), God is also dealing harshly with her. Dispensationalism misses this because it denies that Israel is the Old Testament form of Gods church (and the church is the New Testament form of Israel). addy4e942a4423f495800f38cd74f5bbd140 = addy4e942a4423f495800f38cd74f5bbd140 + 'prca' + '.' + 'org'; Take note of the fact that Ruths covenant is not a short-term commitment; it is a lifetime commitment. The more Naomi moans on about how bad things are for her, and how hopeless it would be for Orpah or Ruth to stay with her, the more we see the mighty hand of God working all things for the good of His people, as well as for His glory. They arrived, in fact, just in time for the barley harvest. More tears are shed. PRC-Related: RFPA, Standard Bearer, Reformed Witness Hour, Etc. Others fail to see this teaching on church membership in Ruth because they have not fully grasped the robust biblical and Reformed doctrine of the church, as summarized, for example, inBelgic Confession28: We believe, since this holy congregation is an assembly of those who are saved, and out of it there is no salvation, that no person, of whatsoever state or condition he may be, ought to withdraw himself to live in a separate state from it; but that all men are in duty bound to join and unite themselves with it, maintaining the unity of the church; submitting themselves to the doctrine and discipline thereof; bowing their necks under the yoke of Jesus Christ; and as mutual members of the same body, serving to the edification of the brethren, according to the talents God has given them. A sensitive reader would have learned in covenant history that there are certain places one should never go for bread. Samuel immediately requires the reader to wrestle with the dire need of a faithful husband. Ruth and Naomi are very different people. B. Do you recall what that method was? Web214 views, 46 likes, 14 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Reels from Prayers Move Mountains: Ruth 2:20 "The LORD bless him!" He intended to leave the Promised Land briefly in a time of famine, but his sons decided to live in the foreign land. His sons, on the other hand, decide to stay or to dwell in Moab. How wrong Naomi was. This is exactly what Boaz commended Ruth for doing: 10 Ruth knelt before him with her forehead to the ground and said to him, Why are you so kind and so attentive to me, even though I am a foreigner? 11 Boaz replied to her, I have been given a full report of all that you have done for your mother-in-law following the death of your husband how you left your father and your mother, as well as your homeland, and came to live among people you did not know previously. In moving to Moab, Naomi left the Lord to some extent and for some years. Is this merely a sad story of a family fleeing famine in Israel, only for most of them to end up in a graveyard in Moab? We answer this question with a reminder that Israel was under God's command to remain in the land as part of their call to be faithful. 3 I will bless those who bless you, but the one who treats you lightly I must curse, and all the families of the earth will bless one another by your name (Genesis 12:1-3, emphasis mine). Therefore all those who separate themselves from the same, or do not join themselves to it, act contrary to the ordinance of God.Rev. These cookies do not store any personal information. Hebrews 10:25 exhorts us, Not forsaking the assembling of ourselves together, as the manner of some is; but exhorting one another.Sixth, Elimelechs family left God. The place known for refusing Israel bread is the very place Elimelech chooses to move his family for bread. (2) There is no indication that other Israelites from Bethlehem (or elsewhere in Israel) accompanied Elimelech and his family to Moab. 21I went away full, but the Lord has brought me home empty. 17 Wherever you die, I will die and there I will be buried. Ruths words are beautiful, and thus it is no wonder that some have chosen to employ them for their marriage vows. Her faith and obedience was known by all. Ruth was a superlative servant of God.Naomi and her family had sojourned in Moab during a famine. How do you know when to leave and when to stay? How wrong she was! What Naomi does mention pertains to marriage and child bearing. Thanks for sharing and God bless your ministry. 91a), Elimelech, Salmon (the father of Boaz), Peloni-Almoni, and the father of Naomi were the sons of Nahshon ben Aminadab. One manifestation of Gods mercy, expressed through His sovereignty, is His providential working at times when there appears to be no hope. 7 Now as she and her two daughters-in-law began to leave the place where she had been living to return to the land of Judah, 8 Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, Listen to me! That is to say, the setting has redemptive or covenantal significance. Lots older daughter neatly avoided the moral implications of what she proposed. He is faithful and always right on time! What time does normal church end on Sunday? How unsearchable are his judgments and how fathomless his ways! Ruth was born in Moab about B.C. If you see what happens to Elimelech's sons you will remember Moab's method of destroying Israel. Lot and his two daughters are now living in a cave. Likewise, the foolish person who decides to live like this soon discovers the deadly character of such a decision. She has no husband to father sons, and she is too old to bear children anyway. addya1ecccfd0b401858a2877dcb45f7be68 = addya1ecccfd0b401858a2877dcb45f7be68 + 'sbcglobal' + '.' + 'net'; document.getElementById('cloak6abc068fa8d6d6e3ed55f5c6ed881e19').innerHTML = ''; so this might not seem like a big deal to us. Used by permission of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Carol Stream, Illinois 60188. At this point in time, one would not think that Naomi would be at the top of the list in the hall of faith: 13 These all died in faith without receiving the things promised, but they saw them in the distance and welcomed them and acknowledged that they were strangers and foreigners on the earth. I so love the story of Ruth and Naomi, and each time I read it, I learn something new and powerful. Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the ungodly, nor stands in the path of sinners, nor sits in the seat of the scornful; But his delight is in the law of the LORD, and in His law he meditates day and night. It certainly would be safer for the two women to travel together, but it is Orpah who will travel alone, not Ruth. Is Brooke shields related to willow shields? They left the judges, prophets, priests and Levites whom God had placed in His Old Testament church. May your acts of kindness be repaid fully by the LORD God of Israel, from whom you have sought protection! (Ruth 2:10-12, emphasis mine). Reformed Witness Hour Messages for May 2020, Corporate Responsibility and Ezekiel 18 . Elimelech felt his family was at a crossroadsand made a decision to leave. Is it also a suggestion that the emigration of Elimelech and his family from Bethlehem to Moab is of a piece with the disobedience of that period?
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