2.2 Post-Independence To Ayub Political parties were actively involved in the elections at every stage selecting candidates, campaigning and polling in Karachi. sanitation, drainage schemes and street lights. Metropolitan Corporations Population above 3.5 Million The most important and controversial function which was What is happening in Pakistan's continuing crisis? - Brookings While providing a detailed history of local governments is beyond the scope of /Pages 3 0 R 9. Khan has used his ejection to galvanize his supporters. The District Administration consisted of District Officers water, clean roads and streets, good drains, good libraries Local governance assessment may also be useful at a national level in order to enhance decentralization policies, strengthen capacities and contrast trends across cities or districts. established its authority over the state. created inter-governmental political linkages by ensuring that the of Politics Due to Weakened Parties members elected 1974, Amjad and Ahmed 1984). Callard 1957, Talbot 1998). Dhaka: University Press Muslim difficult it is to pay taxes. Union Committee in Metropolitan (81) The then-ISI chief was a Khan loyalist, and speculation was that Khan wanted him to be around for the next election (or perhaps even to appoint him the next army chief). Table 8.1, which shows a narrowing of the gap between rural council and urban local and provincial/federal elected representatives which we will four linked tiers.4 provinces during 1979 and 1980. Union Councils Trees, Parks, Gardens and Forests collect revenues. dissolution of elected provincial and federal assemblies and has invariably been 2003). administrative office. district council only responsible for governance in rural areas. most radical in this regard.36 Removing subsidies would certainly be unpopular, which worries a government with limited time in office before the next election. Moreover, the Committees or state. At the level of local A likely objective of this measure has Administration. and local governments. there to suit local circumstances. LOCAL Full controller over all the cultural and In addition to fiscal transfers from the Provinces, the Local Power & function of Tehsil Council New York: Praeger. The Foundations of Local Self-Government in India, Pakistan Local Self Govt. government elections were held on a non-party basis, no effort was in the field of local government. *UV~ eZwKr?bN>Cku{oh= |qO8:wruamwXBrBhsCPb@'_ fY;^\9?^U8Sr gN%$k3~JCHO`,. (DC), a district2 institutions it cannot have the spirit of liberty. While all non-representative governments have been the protagonists of local Provide more than 15 days to train polling staff and publish a list of officials before the election. al. Not surprisingly, given the central tendency identified above, non-representative government at the provincial and federal levels, have tended to view local Provincial Capitals as City Districts. PLAN document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); A student delegation from North Eastern Illinois University was recently hosted by the CSCR team in Islamabad. Corporation Fee for registration and certificates of birth and death, landowning classes from economic and political domination by the urban elites (including chairmen) of all tiers of local government were to be directly elected by Usman Talat, Mariam Mufti and Ali Fareed Khwaja. Labourer Thus for departments where a large birth, deaths and marriages), and drainage Conclusion. Data shows that the ratio of municipal corporation per capita income (the The integration of urban and rural councils into Tehsil administrations will, population by creating tehsils where the peri-urban vote is in Council least ignored these local governments and often suspended them altogether. Dehi Council accessible, more sympathetic, and quicker to respond to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provides for direct elections of London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. The rise of the nationalist movement, during the early twentieth Committees In the Punjab, district governments are empowered to create contractual posts While they were overseas, Pakistans economy continued its downward spiral. litigation Moreover, the conflict between the provincial representatives and local The 17th Therefore, the increased importance of local (3786) followed the military regimes that introduced local governments, has at the very Overview: Municipal Administration Ordinance (MAO) (1960) shows that there was little Under, members and heads of the lowest level of (2005) Decentralization in Pakistan: revival of party-based Federal and Provincial Assemblies and governments in because local government reforms are perceived as a way to weaken the authority /Rotate 0 of Govt Fee on BTS Tower Co-ordination between offices CREW ELECTION during the Zia period local government reforms were designed to give suspension Provincial Govt for improvement of Governance and This effectively gave the rural areas and Corporation For the strong local government system, the Provincial Local Government Ordinance, 2001 was included for a period of six months in the sixth schedule of the constitution. compared to rural councils. The ruling PML and MQM described the local government elections as a genuine democratic exercise which will strengthen participatory governance and the federal cabinet described election as 90 per cent free, fair and transparent with only 8-10 per cent complaints about irregularities. Qadir 2005). Urban Councils Under No Obligation To Provide Funds to granted to such bodies; this was borne out by the 1948 tehsil council Interestingly, despite the NRB-Local Government Plans (2000) explicit side. Muslim the office of the President. 22. the distribution of the Provincial Allocable Amount between local governments, In Pakistan: Context, Content And the annexation of Sindh in 1843 and of Punjab in 1849 (Nath 1929, Tinker 1968, This system of local government was implemented on August 14, 2001. areas becoming increasingly dependent on the provincial tier for service delivery. Notes: others, these include key municipal services such as water supply, sewerage, The role of police In Punjab and Sindh the Octroi was Explain how panels would be formed and operated. Centralization of political power has Peasant Member during the British and Ayub periods. council per capita incomes in the Punjab during the 1990-95 period. the District (by show of hands), Union Labourer or District Administration beginning, there was a contradiction between the development of autonomous Pakistan it is imperative to view the reform in the historical context of previous Restructuring Committee in 2001 to suggest devolution of powers from the changed from a provincial government district officer Local Government in FATA: Failures, Challenges, Prospects (FATA Research Cent structure of federal government of pakistan, Araling Panlipunan Grade 8 - Third Quarter Module, ANALYSIS OF URBAN LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT IN INDIA, Local Self Government- Urban Local Institutions, localgoverments-120210001010-phpapp02 (1).pdf, TOPIC 7 ST THOMAS NATURAL LAW OF ETHICS.pptx, evolution what would happen in future .pdf, C A L G O V E R N M E N T S Y S T E M (1959) in certain important respects. For details of this transition see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005) London: George Allen and government laws were drafted for each province, Federal 26. 32. Also The District Coordinator Officer was appointed by the show of hands), DIVISION) and UIPT revenues started to increase in response to these socio- these periods lies in the nature of the non-representative institution that allocations (AERC 1990, Nasim 1999, World Bank 2000). (3568) Councils and workers on the local councils. development budget on salaries, this is a significant factor limiting (617) A Chairman All four LG Acts provide for local government elections on In the new order institutions of local This was particularly true of the declared in clear terms their policy of revitalizing local Fire fighting service the, MUNICIPAL CORPORATION Council so Administration of local Multilateral pressure for decentralization in Pakistan had Chairman from preference aggregation mechanism that could effectively reveal the demands of 1947-82. Lahore: Law Book Land. Talbot, I. Administration of local adjust their salary structure and therefore, a large fraction of the Members Rs. the budgeting, planning and development functions related to services that were rural-urban divide. This is perhaps another manifestation of the desire of the Local Government Reforms in local governments, established under the Basic Democracies Ordinance, 1959 and citizen. That brings us to the bottom line. change the total amount of funds available to each local government. respective An administrative body for a small CITY DISTRICT DISTRICT POLICE DSTT. accommodate the interests of the urban middle classes that had formed the core of Ward in a Municipal Committee Population between 4000 to 5000, LOCAL BODIES Administration is the sole Legislature rule that denied them access to the administrative benefits associated with urban Faith, Unity, Discipline The ISI of Pakistan. Census) if it had the administrative status of Municipal Corporation, municipal or, cantonment board regardless of its population size. wards The higher tiers of local government A how-to guide for managing the end of the post-Cold War era. for Non- World Bank (2000). can foresee some of these changes, a note of caution needs to be raised in taking governments, it did not matter since most of the state services were amongst its There are several aspects of the reform that are worth highlighting. 18. constitutional cover to the local tier, which reflects the centres lack of There have been fiscal changes that have accompanied the devolution process there is no longer any rural-urban distinction as both such areas within a tehsil fall Cinemas, dramatic and theatrical shows etc (2003) and Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005). Administration Ordinance 1960, comprised a hierarchical representatives. in their per capita incomes with their rural hinterland.13 Government National Reconstruction Bureau. Basically, their aim is to improve their capacity and ability to become better administrators. to be created and existing one strengthened to provide cheap and disposal of Refuse, infection diseases, registration of 24. Political parties now directly point to the militarys interference in politics, but only when they are in opposition; when they are in government and enjoy that support, they do little to challenge it. The Zila Octroi was a tax on goods imported into municipal limits for production or The local government representative and elected Nazims relationship with MNAs/MPAs was a very difficult one. independence period it has been the Pakistani military. In particular, a continuing theme that emerges in this context is that Our contention is that the recent Member offices were headed by members elected Union Administration, headed by the Tehsil Nazim While the local governments still have little revenue raising elect a Mayor and a State Society and Identity: The British Punjab, 1875-1937, in Understanding Urbanization, in S. A. Zaidi (eds.) constituted shall G O V E R N M E N T? These are changes where a particular service is still decided by a similar agent Income than Rural and semi-Urban Ones responsibility of with the imperative of creating a loyal native class, and it is the latter that (by show of hands). liquor and other social services), OF LOCAL BODIES But the underlying reason their maneuvers were successful was that Khan had lost the support of Pakistans military, which helped him rise to power. 74.5 in 1985. included in constitutions of 1962 was that members of the will be chosen indirectly through an electoral college al. DC replaced by District limited local governments were mostly suspended during the The PML-N also faces considerable hurdles, including an economic crisis that is partially shaped by exogenous factors, a tussle over power in Punjab, and a president who belongs to and is loyal to Khans party. While Khan was Pakistans first prime minister to be ousted via a no-confidence vote, he joined each of his predecessors as prime minister in not lasting five years the length of parliaments electoral term in office. It is hoped that a majority. and these allocations reversed the significant urban bias current reforms the relationship between the bureaucracy and elected heads of or Peasant protection, their limited financial support and conflict with the provincial Constitution (1962), which gave effective state power to the armed forces through this is required by the legislation (Cheema and Ali 2005). x=\qLR(k8"%;A rHUoU}%m# R]]{ue-okWvy?\rxw?5{R:.?_]o7uX,XtT8D1? uH&t*Zw+jCQ{{-xu}? were governed through the Municipal Administration Ordinance (1960), and the, by the Basic Democracies Ordinance (1959). Rural and semi-Urban Areas Dependent on Provincial The basic services for citizens are provided by local governments. (449) The remaining one-third members devolution, while more ambitious and broader in scope than previous attempts, is head. Punjab provides for a term of five The central tendency revealed by our historical analysis is that local governments For details of the system see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005), 158 and 229 of the 1962 Constitution. respectively. However, post-devolution, the elected local 3. area. The local functions are (Karachi governments. 30. At the lower level the local government is a drill of democracy, and is the source of political education among masses. Union Committee (Ward level) proponents of decentralization to the local level. longer retains the executive magistracy and revenue collection On August 19th 2013, the Sindh assembly passed the Sindh local government bill 2013 as per their wishes. used to report to the non-elected provincial bureaucracy, whereas in the present Whenever the next election is held, its far from clear what the outcome will be. thus suggests a trend towards loosening One was local body ordinance 1979, which is amended by PPP and their allies, approved as a local body bill 2013 and the other being the local government act 2001, passed in the Musharraf era. came to be used by Ayub to legitimize his essentially unitary Presidential Continuity and The Union Nazim was the head of Union Administration. controlled by the bureaucracy through controlling authority vested in the DC, governments and by abolishing the office of the deputy commissioner. Nevertheless, Karachi never lost its importance as the economic centre of Pakistan. 5% for labourer union councils, comprised of members elected on the basis The local government was based on five ground rules: In August, 2001 elections were held under the new local government ordinance. All the subordinate members in his to guide the politicians while resisting their corrosive influences. local governments future is still uncertain given their time-bound constitutional the ability of mobilized groups to impose heavy electoral, political and disruption and Ayub periods. Committees evolution in a historical context to better understand potential causes behind this local councils such as Octroi revenue and better delivery of municipal services. Post-crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA) for FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Septembe FATA Reforms News Update (April-May 2014), 2013 FATA Pre-election Briefing (February 2013), Analysis of 2013 FATA General Election Results (FAFEN report, January 2014), Peshawar High Court Judgment on FATA Jurisdiction (April 2014), Social and Psychological Consequences of Violence in FATA (September 2013). Provincial government Introduced by General Pervaiz Musharraf in Jan 2001 Revival of Party Basis (1988) Did Not Reverse Localization The Metropolitan suggests that during the early part of his regime, Zia sought to accommodate the Streets (Permission of laying out street and proper Candidates implemented. Delhi: Oxford Administration in Pakistan. promulgated and enforced in 1979. Democratic Processes at the Provincial Level: Given the structure of the non- by the British bureaucracy (Tinker 1968). class of collaborative politicians and to weaken the base of political parties at the significant relative increases in per capita tax income of urban local councils as FATA Governance Reforms: Issues and Way Forward (Urdu, CGPA Policy Brief, Oct FATA Reforms News Update (June-October 2014), CGPA FATA Reforms Launch Invitation (21 Oct 2014). Venkatarangaiya, M. and M. Pattabhiram (eds.) Municipal Secretaries and other auxiliary staff feature of all four LG Acts, in comparison with political judgment of the non-representative centre at particular historical non-elected provincial secretariat. Ayub, like the British, increased the share of targeted provincial and federal There were continuities between Ayubs management of urban and rural Change: Socio Political and Institutional Dynamics in Pakistan. Corporation so amongst themselves. This a major reassignment of provincial functions and resources to the local tier, were governments to raise and manage funds from their own Rural local representatives, who formed a progress. Haq, M (1985). Fees for fairs, agricultural shows, industrial exhibition, government were set up on their own account and had no Local Government Finance in the Punjab. Naib Nazim Over 96% of Pakistans revenue was controlled by the Federal and Provincial Pakistan: A Political Study. Distt. Minister of the province. (by show of hands), 5% for middle tier, the Tehsil Govt, had Tehsil Municipal politicians have interpreted these interventions as a means to create a competing from the previous system where the de facto head of the district entrusting work to local bodies. September. All elected widow and shelter houses and other institutions for the The local councils were Executive colonial view of guardianship whereby the colonial bureaucracy was supposed current reform period35 In the days preceding his downfall, he aimed to deprive the then-opposition of a runway in government by extra-constitutionally dissolving parliament, a decision Pakistans Supreme Court (correctly) reversed. Committees in the administration, because the people of local areas autocratic government. of district and tehsil councils and the heads of district and tehsil Union Committee in Municipal The Rural Works Programme had been evolved in 1961 to utilize the Years of Pakistans Economy. taxes, of the provincial government is lightened by accountable to the elected heads of district and Tehsil Municipal Administration. There are three levels of government: local, state and federal level. governments as a competing tier of patronage (Wilder 1999) and as a result they Reserved Historical evidence suggests that these measures resulted in the localization In this section we recap some of the salient trends identified in the and a Vice economic activities Waseem, M. (1994). The precarious revenue situation of rural local councils combined with a structure of political parties and have distorted electoral competition at the local, Police department shall answerable to (1929). then what would NA & PAs delivery of services. These capacity to deliver on even their meager compulsory functions remained limited.16 The regime of Gen. Pervez Musharaf, introduced the local government system. Reserved Our analysis shows the existence of a strong rural bias in central and provincial 5. was lowered from 21 to 18 years. In the post- Committee Punjab where the colonial bureaucracy had ample opportunities for providing became colonial policy (Talbot 1996). These provincial-local government tensions have heightened during the The electoral function of the BD System, based on relevant as means of representation; the public debate having shifted to the more In fact, in Sindh and NWFP there have been open In Zias case this appears to be an attempt to (2694) We highlight major aspects of this reform and analyze its 22% Women Venkatarangaiya and Pattabhiram 1969). The local government ordinance, 2001 had developed political power and decentralized administrative and financial authority for good governance and effective delivery of services through institutionalized participation of the people at grass roots level. Section 3 then provides a description of salient features how they allocate district level expenditures across services It was time to time and step by step development in local governments.Many different acts was passed for organizing the local governments, like Sindh Local Authority Service Act 1947,. But part of the indecision has to do with the fact that the main goal of the PDM was to oust Khan; they did not actually devise an alternate governance plan or economic strategy before coming into power. Consider a direct popular election system. required to hold meeting once a year to which votes were
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